Science
Research, machine learning, and scientific insights
Data leakage in ML for biological and clinical data: what it is and how to avoid it
When we build machine learning models on biological or clinical data, data leakage is one of the fastest ways to get results that look amazing on paper and fail spectacularly in reality.
Read MoreImage analysis in ML pipelines for biology: a maths-and-plots guide
Biological image analysis is where measurement meets models. A microscope image is not “just pixels”: it’s a noisy sampling of an underlying biological scene (cells, nuclei, organelles), transformed by optics, staining, sensor noise, and experimental variability.
Read MoreMaths notation as a language: sets, symbols, and what they mean
A lot of the fear around maths comes from notation: curly letters, upside-down letters, and symbols that look like hieroglyphics. The good news is that maths notation is just a language. Once you learn the vocabulary and grammar—what each symbol means and how phrases are combined—equations stop being cryptic and start saying something clear. In this post I’ll treat notation as language, focus on set notation (the “nouns” of many mathematical statements), and illustrate the main ideas with plots.
Read MoreRandom Forests vs Gaussian Processes: A Practical Maths-First Comparison
Random Forests and Gaussian Processes (GPs) are both powerful non‑parametric models (models that don’t fix a single, limited functional form in advance) for regression and classification, but they come from very different mathematical worlds.
Read MoreUnderstanding Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Molecular dynamics simulations are powerful computational tools for understanding the dynamic behavior of particles over time. This post explores the fundamentals of MD simulations, from the statistical mechanics foundations to practical implementation using the Verlet algorithm.
Read MoreUnderstanding Oligonucleotide Impurities Across Nucleotide Modifications
Exploring the most common chemical impurities in oligonucleotide synthesis across different nucleotide modification families, with interactive visualizations showing chemical structures and formation mechanisms.
Read MoreOligonucleotide Manufacturing
Last week, I had the privilege of presenting at the Innovation in Oligonucleotide Manufacturing Symposium hosted by CPI at the Medicines Manufacturing Innovation Centre in Glasgow.
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